By a constitution of the Emperor Antoninus, a man who kills a slave of whom he is owner, is as liable to punishment as a man who kills a slave of whom he is not owner: and inordinate cruelty on the par_ of owners is checked by another constitution whereby the same emperor, in answer to inquiries from presidents of provinces concerning slaves who take refuge at temples of the gods, or statues of the emperor, commanded that on proof of intolerable cruelty a proprietor should be compelled to sell his slaves : and both ordinances are just, for we ought not But in the present day neither Roman citizens, nor any other persons under the empire of the Roman people, are permitred to indulge in excessive or causeless harshness towards their slaves. sed et major quoque asperitas dominorum per eiusdem prineipis constitutionem coercetur nam consultus a quibusdam praesidibus pro. Sed hoe tempore neque ciuibus Romanis, nee ullis aliis hominibus qui sub imperio popull Romani sunt, licet supra modum et sine causa in seruos sues saeuire nam ex constitutione imperatoris Antonini qui sine causa seruum suum oeciderit, non minus teneri inbetur, uam qul a]ienum seruum oeeierit. Slaves are in the power of their proprietors, a power recognized by jus gentium, since all nations present the spectacle of masters invested with power of life and death over slaves and (by the Roman law) the owner acquires everything acquired by the slave. In potesta_e itaque sunt serui dominorum, quae quidem potestas iuris gentium est: ham apud omnes peraeque genres animaduertere possumus dominis in seruos mtae necisque po_estatem esse et quodeumque per seruum adquiritur, id domino adquh'itur, Inst. Of persons subject to a superior, let us first examine who are in his power. Ae prius dispiciamus de iis qui in aliena potestato sunk Inst. Let us first explain what persons are dependent on a superior, and then we shall know what persons are independent. Videamus n_nc de his quae alieno iuri subiect_Le slut (ham) si eognouerimus quae istae personae sint, simul intellegemus quae sui iuris sink Inst. Those who are dependent or subject to a superior, are either in his power, in his hand, or in his mancipation. Rursus earum personarum, quae alieno iuri subiectae sunt, aliae in po_estate, aliae in manu, aliae in mancipio sunt. Another division in the ]aw of Persons classifies men as either dependent or independe_L Sequitur de lure personarum alia diuisio, nam quaedam personae sui iuris sun_, quaedam alieno iuri _ubicctae aunt. The clause of the lex Aelia Sentia referred to in the text was retained by 40), to prevent the degradation of citizenship by testators abusing their testamentary right of manumission, was generally called the lex Furia Canln_a before the manuscript of Gains was re-examlned by Studemund it was abrogated by Justinian. The lex Fufia Canlnia, passed under Augustus (Sueton. ]ege Aelia Sentia cautum sit, _t creditorum fraudandorum causa manumissi liberi non fiant, hoc etia?_ ad peregrines pertinere (senatus ira censuit ex auctoritate Hach.iani), cetera uero Jura eius legis ad peregrines non pertinere,
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